As climate change, urbanization, and food insecurity reshape agriculture, modern indoor farming – from greenhouses to vertical farms – is emerging as a possible solution. But alongside some possible benefits, what are the implications for food safety?
A new FAO publication, Modern indoor farming and food safety – A review of hazards, controls and regulatory consideration, offers the first comprehensive global reviewof the opportunities and risks associated with crops grown in enclosed, controlled environments such as vertical farms, hydroponic systems, and aquaponics.
Indoor farming is often promoted as a safer alternative to conventional farming, with claimed benefits such as reduced pesticide use, efficient water and fertilizer management, and year-round local production. While these systems offer possible advantages, the report underscores that they are not immune to food safety risks. The report highlights that food safety risks, especially microbiological hazards like Salmonella and E. coli, remain present. Inputs such as seeds, water, substrates, and even human handling can introduce contamination if not carefully managed.
The publication offers a scientific overview of the hazards linked to indoor-farmed crops, identifies available control measures, and maps existing regulatory guidance. It also points to research gaps and stresses the importance of clear communication between regulators, producers, and consumers to ensure trust in these new production systems.
"Indoor farming has significant potential to contribute to sustainable and resilient agrifood systems. But strong food safety practices and oversight remain essential to make this promise a reality," said Masami Takeuchi, FAO Food Safety Officer, who coordinated the development of the report.
"The key to success for indoor farming is achieving economic competitiveness with conventional crops," added Keith Warriner, one of the main authors from the University of Guelph. "At the same time, the conditions inside indoor farms can favour the survival of pathogens, so the priority must be to prevent hazards from entering the facility in the first place." Together, these insights underline the importance of pairing innovation with vigilance so that indoor farming can grow safely and sustainably for the future.
As indoor farming continues to evolve, integrating robust food safety measures will be critical to unlocking its full potential. Modern indoor farming and food safety – A review of hazards, controls and regulatory consideration serves as a timely guide for policymakers, producers, and researchers navigating this dynamic field.
You can download the publication at the link here.
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
